Considering neoteny

By Peggy | June 29, 2010 |
(First published 1/24/09)
Sam’s social skills have come a long, long way as a young adult. We’ve always known how bright he was. He’s matured into someone who understands the “rules” of adult life and the working world, and often sees emotions with great clarity.
Some slices of life skills we call “social skills” remain stilted. I’ve never been able to quite put my finger on it. After my parents’ 50th anniversary party – epic family gathering that it was – my mom did: “You feel about him like you would a dog.”
It’s a good thing we understand each other, because there could be a terrible subtext with that description.
I happened to be finishing up Gordon Grice’s “The Red Hourglass,” at the same time Mom and I had that conversation. In his book, Grice explores at length this concept of neoteny – the preservation of juvenile characteristics – and how the human and canine relationship could evolve because of that quality. Every domesticated animal has some degree of juvenile characteristics preserved in adulthood … it’s what makes them domesticated.
I felt pretty clueless after I googled “neoteny and autism” and found others in the blogosphere that are considering the concepts directly (neoteny.org). Of course, Temple Grandin has explored human-animal relationships and their implications for all of us.
I do, however, want to offer this to the broader conversation. If neoteny will forever characterize some of his social skill set, and that of other people with autism, that puts a responsibility on the rest of us.
Plenty of folks don’t have a clue how to interact with domesticated animals responsibly.
Yet I’m encouraged, because it’s not an unfamiliar responsibility. I don’t have to meet him more than halfway, and no one else has to either.
Posted in adults with autism, social life

TxP2P: Dan also recommends …

By Peggy | June 28, 2010 |

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Nov 9;96(23):13427-31


Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice.

van Praag H, Christie BR, Sejnowski TJ, Gage FH. Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

Abstract

Running increases neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, a brain structure that is important for memory function. Consequently, spatial learning and long-term potentiation (LTP) were tested in groups of mice housed either with a running wheel (runners) or under standard conditions (controls). Mice were injected with bromodeoxyuridine to label dividing cells and trained in the Morris water maze. LTP was studied in the dentate gyrus and area CA1 in hippocampal slices from these mice. Running improved water maze performance, increased bromodeoxyuridine-positive cell numbers, and selectively enhanced dentate gyrus LTP. Our results indicate that physical activity can regulate hippocampal neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and learning.


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed_reviews&uid=10557337


Supporting articles:

Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice. van Praag H, Christie BR, Sejnowski TJ, Gage FH. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Nov 9;96(23):13427-31.PMID:

Synaptic plasticity and learning and memory: LTP and beyond. Hölscher C. J Neurosci Res. 1999 Oct 1;58(1):62-75.

Long-term potentiation and glutamate release in the dentate gyrus: links to spatial learning. Richter-Levin G, Canevari L, Bliss TV. Behav Brain Res. 1995 Jan 23;66(1-2):37-40.

LTP, NMDA, genes and learning. Cain DP. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1997 Apr;7(2):235-42.

Memory mechanisms: the nociceptin connection. Goda Y, Mutneja M. Curr Biol. 1998 Dec 3;8(24):R889-91

Long-term potentiation and its relation to learning and memory Li YX, Mei ZT. Sheng Li Ke Xue Jin Zhan. 1993 Jul;24(3):278-80.

Mammalian learning and memory studied by gene targeting. Tonegawa S. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995 Jun 30;758:213-7.

Cerebellar LTD: a molecular mechanism of behavioral learning? Lisberger SG. Cell. 1998 Mar 20;92(6):701-4.

New neurons in the adult brain: The role of sleep and consequences of sleep loss

Peter Meerloa,*, Ralph E. Mistlbergerb, Barry L. Jacobs, H. Craig Hellerd, Dennis McGinty

On Autism & Exercise

By Daniel Hawthorne

This past week, yet another reason became apparent to me: that of the connection between physical activity and the development of new nerve cells in the hippocampus of the brain. A recent study at the Salk Institute involving four groups of mice confirmed just such a connection. The mice in group one were sedentary, being the control group. The mice in group two had regularly scheduled times for swimming; those in group three could swim at anytime. Group four had a running wheel; thus, the mice there were allowed to run freely at any time. At the end of the twelve days, it was not surprising that mental development occurred in all four groups; what was surprising, though, was the amount of difference found among the four. Group four differed by twice the number of new cells gained in group one. Keep in mind that this was only for twelve days, not a real significant amount of time in the total lifespan of a mouse, I would think, anyway. Groups two and three also fared much better than the control group. (1)
Other studies have shown that the human brain is plastic as well.
http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:http://www.autismtoday.com/articles/autism_excercise.htm

Posted in Uncategorized

TxP2P: Shahla recommends …

By Peggy | June 27, 2010 |

This page guides you to conference presentations and papers that explain some of the latest research in applied behavioral analysis.

Please remember that scores of teaching techniques under this broad umbrella — applied behavior analysis — is the most effective early intervention tool we have for young children with autism.
There are lots of other techniques that have been tried through the years. Few have delivered on the promise of a cure, or recovery, or whatever people want to call it when they think the autism has gone away.
Quackwatch has been around for a long time to help people ferret out all kinds of questionable medical claims. The autism world is so susceptible to these, Quackwatch has devoted an entire page just to autism.
Posted in Uncategorized

More for TxP2P friends

By Peggy | June 27, 2010 |

Many wanted to know more from the morning session Dan and I had about adults with autism, and the highs and lows for their parents.

The big question for so many of us: where will our child live?

Dan invited parents to join an ongoing discussion on Facebook with the AutismOne folks. You have to join facebook for that. There is a separate website for their adult residential services think-tank.
Also, Mark and I were inspired by the story of Bittersweet Farms, which we first learned about in the early 1990s. A big part of the reason we moved our family from the big city to a small farm was the beauty of what these people were accomplishing and hoped that some day, we could replicate it.
Posted in Uncategorized

For my Texas Parent-to-Parent friends

By Peggy | June 27, 2010 |

Dan Burns, Shahla Rosales and I made many promises to the friends we made through the Texas Parent-to-Parent Conference in San Marcos this weekend. Over the next several days on my blog, I’ll be rolling out some of those important links and explainers.

First, here is the link to a training module developed in the mid-1990s to help police respond more appropriately in situations that involved people with developmental disabilities.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED408503.pdf
The document is quite large. If you aren’t able to download it, work backwards to the government’s URL, www.eric.ed.gov and search on “police training and developmental disabilities.”
I know the people who put this unit together and they did top notch work.
Stay tuned. More resources to come.
Posted in adults with autism

Cows, milk and school economics

By Peggy | June 18, 2010 |
We’ve done pretty well teaching our kids the value of money, getting them from the allowance stage all the way to their first credit card offer, one or two of which came with spending limits higher than our own.
Sam manages his own earnings and expenses. We had a scare when he first turned 18 and we helped him get a debit card. He lost it at the dentist’s office several months later and we scrambled to shut everything down before the person who “found it” bought more than a tank of gas. But sitting down with the Denton police to file a report made an impression on Sam, and he hasn’t lost the card in the four years since. He likes Microsoft Money and its tools that help keep track. He asks me a question from time to time, so I know he’s thinking about his savings and taxes, too.
Frankly, he spoiled me a little. He’s not much of a “consumer” and likes his clothes well-worn. Too well-worn, sometimes.
The two younger kids are just as capable, but school demands make it difficult for them to come off as savvy. Summer is here, so I haven’t heard “I need $5-10 for lunch after the track meet/band contest/play practice,” or “Can you write a check for $15 to buy a club t-shirt/photo/bucket of cookie dough” for several weeks now.
Our tax relief with the superintendents’ victory over Robin Hood and his merry men in the Texas Legislature felt particularly short-lived these past several years with the kids in high school.
All’s fair in love and politics until recorded votes, yet I couldn’t blame the lieutenant governor for the local rule that required my daughter to purchase a catered pasta-and-beef vinaigrette because no sack lunches were allowed on the bus to the band contest. Thankfully, that rule was short-lived, too.
When the children were young, I was happy to show my support for my children’s education and their teachers. The supply lists got longer as they got older, and the bundles got more expensive each year. The year the tab came to $300 was the last I bought supplies as part of a PTA fundraiser. After that, I tried to reuse. We adopted the phrase, “shop the house.” The kids scrounged and traded first, crossing stuff off the supply list before we went to the discount store to get the rest.
One troubling year, a teacher asked us to replace Sam’s missing supplies, such as scissors and tape, several times before she discovered other children were shopping at his desk.
Some items we bought — construction paper, paper towels, tissues, hand sanitizer — were going into a shared stash in the supply cupboard. I wanted to rebel when I saw the mountain of paper towels and facial tissues. I also wanted to trust the teachers, but a box per child, maybe two, but not three, seemed like it ought to do for the year.
A year later, I looked at the number of No. 2 pencils on the supply list and did the long division myself – it worked out to a pencil a week. That’s a lot of long division. The rebellion began. I bought half the required pencils.
Each year there were oddly specific requests, too, such as one red pocket folder with brads or a pack of unlined index cards and alphabetical dividers – and don’t forget the file box. Occasionally, these oddities came home at the end of the year unused. I grilled one hapless teacher until she confessed. Sometimes lessons plans were just that. Plans.
My rebellion broke wide open. I became one of those parents who sent their kids to school with half a pack of mis-matched markers and old pencils with new eraser tops. Michael kept telling me I bought the wrong kind of poster board home from the grocery store for his fifth grade social studies project. The right kind involved a special shopping trip and ten times the money, so I ignored him. He got a B. This year he turned 19 and think he’s finally forgiven me.
Sanity returned – temporarily — in middle school. Those teachers didn’t ask for much more than loose leaf paper and map pencils. Perhaps that’s because so many middle-schoolers can’t remember their locker combination from Friday afternoon to Monday morning.
As our kids reached high school, Sam led us down the primrose path. He clawed his way to high school graduation, so there wasn’t a lot of time for extra-curricular activities. School for him required little more than pens, pencils, folders and loads of loose leaf paper.
But then came Michael and Paige – with band, athletics, theater, student council, French club, color guard, and more. When Sam shared his receipt he paid for tuition and books for his first fall semester at the local community college, we noticed the total. It was less — far less — than the tab for his siblings’ fall semester at Argyle High School.
Paying for high school went just as upside down as everyone’s jumbo mortgage in the housing bubble. When the national spotlight fell on our school’s homecoming dance three years ago, I knew what the problem was. What parents conned into buying $250 mums and $400 gowns wouldn’t holler? Not about dress codes or dancing distances, just holler, loud, in general?
We need a new rubric for school economics.
I think about a Dear Abby column we clipped and put on the refrigerator when Sam was having trouble differentiating world economic systems. It used the analogy of “you and your two cows.” We kept it on the refrigerator until the exam. Every time they reached for milk, they were reminded that capitalism meant you kept your cows, and the sold the milk. Or when they raided for a midnight snack, they understood that facism meant the government took your cows and shot you.
Michael though it was a hoot. Sam, my literal-minded guy, had to keep telling himself it was an analogy.
And I think about my dad and that one summer after he retired from dentistry and helped his friend out by milking cows. His friend paid him, but it was minimum wage. After that, when he bought things, Dad would sometimes take to saying “I’d have to milk cows for four hours to pay for that.”
Now that, Sam understands.
For example, class dues. These are utterly necessary, hence the name “dues.” If you don’t pay them each year, the school does not permit your child’s purchase of $150-per-couple prom tickets, which voids any other of those once-in-a-lifetime, must-have, over-the-top prom purchases. Cost of class dues: three hours of milking cows.
Band instrument rental. If a child plays an odd instrument, such as the oboe, the school provides the instrument. This is good news. A school rental is far less than a rent-to-buy agreement for trumpet or saxophone that the child outgrows as soon as the instrument is paid for. However, oboes are not suitable for marching band, which means the child must join the color guard. This is second only to cheerleading in its specialty equipment needs – such as tunics and tops, pants and shorts, jackets and warm-ups, custom bags, shoes, gloves, decorated flip-flops, make-up, hair gel, and false eyelashes. All these required items ensure that when the flag is tossed up for a double-and-a-half spin, it gets caught, instead of falling on your child’s lip. Cost of band instrument rental, ten hours of milking cows.
Health physical. This is required if your child enrolls in athletics for a physical education credit and joins the cross country team. This is good because the school provides the uniform and you need only need to buy two kinds of shoes, one for training and one for racing. Oh, and lots of socks. The school also provides a low-cost physical before school starts, so all the returning athletes know about it and don’t tell the new guys. You take your child to the regular pediatrician to learn that your insurance covers a well-child check 100 percent, but doesn’t cover sports physicals. Cost of health physical, thirty-six hours of milking cows.
Yep, Dad, I like that rubric.

Posted in rants

Question authority

By Peggy | June 12, 2010 |

I’m on the hook for two presentations at the Texas Parent-to-Parent conference in San Marcos June 24-26. In one presentation I’ll be working with Shahla Rosales, a professor of applied behavior analysis at the University of North Texas, on ethics in treatment decisions. She’s come up with six guideposts for clinicians. She shared them with me a year ago and they resonated so wonderfully for me, as a parent, that I proposed we offer the same talk for parents at P2P.

I’m so lucky that she said yes.
I’ll be teeing up the talk, sharing some of those school-of-hard-knocks stories that seem to define the world of parents who have children with disabilities. I’ll focus on some of the hazards in our attitudes and fallacies of thinking. Shahla encouraged me to key in on one common fallacy of reasoning that clinicians bring to the table with treatment decisions — appealing to the wrong authority.
Treatment choices should be evidence-based, but not all evidence is created equal, Shahla reminded me. Parents are sometimes in a better position to vet the rigor of evidence simply by questioning its authority with clinicians. Simply put, ask them to explain it to you.
Case in point: when Sam first began receiving services in preschool (I shared this story in my book), I was lost during an ARD/IEP meeting that went over test results. The speech therapist said that Sam could not touch his nose when he was asked. I asked her why that was important. From my perspective, as a young mom, I knew Sam “couldn’t do” things. That was why we were there in the first place. The teachers and therapists developed an exhaustive list of things Sam wasn’t doing, which did me no good. I could have written the list out for them and saved them a lot of time. But I asked the therapist to explain why he wasn’t doing some of those things, and was stunned when she couldn’t answer me.
Of course, she was embarrassed.
She followed through, however. She called up a former professor and called me several days later with the answer.
She said that most young children learn words from context. If you point out the zit on your nose, talk about blowing your nose, get a tissue to wipe your nose, or bump your nose on the door, and make some drama over that, most children learn that “nose” belongs to that sticking-out thing on your face. I recognized that Sam needed to be told things directly to learn them. After that telephone conversation, I stuck a computer label identifying dozens of things in the house for Sam. I also made him a shoe box full of vocabulary cards.
That and other direct interventions helped his early vocabulary explode.
I try to remember to be brave and ask questions and have things explained to me, because it never fails in creating a better environment for learning.
The hippies got that one right: question authority.
Posted in decision-making, language